Epilepsy is a neurological condition that causes recurring seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. While anyone might experience a single seizure, epilepsy is typically diagnosed when there's a likelihood of repeated episodes.
How common is epilepsy?
In the UK epilepsy affects around 630,000 people, which is roughly 1 in every 100 individuals. Each day, around 80 new cases are diagnosed.
What happens during a seizure?
Our brains constantly send electrical signals. A seizure occurs when there's a sudden surge of intense electrical activity, disrupting normal brain function. The effects vary depending on which part of the brain is involved.
This can make someone:
- stare into space for a few seconds
- shake or jerk their arms and legs
- fall down or feel dizzy
- feels strange or forget things for a moment
Not all seizures look the same, and they usually don't last long.
Who can be affected?
Epilepsy can begin at any stage in life. Some types are temporary, but for many, it's a lifelong condition.
What causes epilepsy?
Epilepsy can result from:
- brain injuries such as stroke, trauma or infections
- genetic factors - certain genes may increase susceptibility
In about half of cases, the exact cause remains unknown.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis is handled by specialists. Neurologists for adults, and paediatricians for children.
Diagnosis involves:
- a detailed symptom history
- tests such as Electroencephalograms (EEG's), brain scans and blood work
- genetic testing in some cases
Treatment options
Medication is the primary approach. These anti-seizure drugs help control or reduce seizures:
- About 50% of people respond well to the first medication they try
- Others may need different medications
- Around one-third have drug-resistant epilepsy and may explore alternatives such as surgery, nerve stimulation, or the ketogenic diet
Living with epilepsy
The impact of epilepsy varies widely. Some people manage with minimal disruption while others face significant challenges. Support and understanding from family, employers and schools can make a big difference.
Helping someone during a seizure
Understanding how to help someone during a seizure can be life-saving. Training and resources are available for parents, carers, educators and employers to support individuals with epilepsy confidently and safely.
Last reviewed: 10 December 2025